Validation of a scale to measure parental psychological empowerment in the vaccination decision

Marta Fadda; Elisa Galimberti; Luisa Romanò; Marino Faccini; Sabrina Senatore; Alessandro Zanetti; Peter J. Schulz

doi:10.4081/jphr.2017.955

Validation of a scale to measure parental psychological empowerment in the vaccination decision

Marta Fadda, Elisa Galimberti, Luisa Romanò, Marino Faccini, Sabrina Senatore, Alessandro Zanetti, Peter J. Schulz

Division of Communication & Media

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

8 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background and aims. Parents’ empowerment is advocated to promote and preserve an informed and autonomous decision regarding their children’ immunization. The scope of this study is to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of an instrument to measure parents’ psychological empowerment in their children’s vaccination decision and propose a context-specific definition of this construct. Materials and Methods. Grounding in previous qualitative data, we generated an initial pool of items which was later content and face validated by a panel of experts. A pretest allowed us to reduce the initial pool to 9 items. Convergent and discriminant validity measures included the General Self-Efficacy Scale, a Psychological Empowerment Scale, and the Control Preference Scale. Vaccination-related outcomes such as attitude and intention were also included. Results. Principal Component Analysis revealed a 2-factor structure, with each factor composed of 2 items. The first factor concerns the perceived influence of one’s personal and family experience with vaccination, while the second factor represents the desire not to ask other parents about their experience with vaccination and their lack of interest in other parents’ vaccination opinion. Conclusions. In light of its association with positive immunization- related outcomes, public health efforts should be directed to reinforce parents’ empowerment.

Original language	English
Article number	955
Pages (from-to)	100-107
Number of pages	8
Journal	Journal of Public Health Research
Volume	6
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2017.955
State	Published - 22 Sep 2017

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Research, Leeds Metropolitan University. 2010. Correspondence: Marta Fadda, Institute of Communication and Health, 11. Rappaport J. Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Faculty of Communication Sciences, University of Lugano, Via G. Buffi 13, toward a theory for community psychology. Am J Commun 6900 Lugano, Switzerland. Psychol 1987;15:121-48. Tel.: +41.6664589. 12. Zimmerman MA. Psychological empowerment: issues and E-mail: marta.fadda@usi.ch illustrations. Am J Commun Psychol 1995;23:581-99. Key words: Vaccination, decision-making, psychological empowerment, par- 13. Conger JA, Kanungo RN. The empowerment process: integrat-ents, scale development. ing theory and practice. Acad Manag Rev 1988;13:471. Acknowledgments: the authors would like to thank the participants who 14. Thomas KW, Velthouse BA. Cognitive elements of empower-devoted their time to participate in the study,all the members of the valida- ment: an interpretive model of intrinsic task motivation. Acad tion panel, and Dr.Cornelia Betsch and her team for providing constant and Manag Rev 1990;15:666. enriching feedback on the development of the VPES. The authors would also 15. Spreitzer GM. Psychological empowerment in the workplace: like to thank the Swiss National Science Foundation for funding this study dimensions, measurement, and validation. Acad Manag J as part of a larger project focused on MMR vaccination refusal 1995;38:1442-65. (FNS_147333). 16. Spreitzer GM. Social structural characteristics of psychologi-Contributions: MF,EG and PJS designed the study; LR, AZ, MF and SS con- cal empowerment. Acad Manag J 1996;39:483-504. tributed to the design of the study and its implementation; MF and EG col- 17. Wallerstein N. What is the evidence on effectiveness of lected the data and conducted all analyses; all authors participated in the empowerment to improve health? Copenhagen, WHO drafting of the manuscript and approved this final version. Regional Office for Europe (Health Evidence Network report; Conflict of interest: the authors declare no potential conflict of interest. http://www.euro.who.int/Document/E88086.pdf, accessed 1 Received for publication: 28 April 2017. February 2017). 2006. Accepted for publication: 28 July 2017. 18. Davison BJ, Degner LF. Empowerment of men newly diag-©Copyright M. Fadda et al., 2017 nosed with prostate cancer. Cancer Nursing 1997;20:187-96. Licensee PAGEPress,Italy 19. Florian V, Elad D. The impact of mothers’ sense of empower-ment on the metabolic control of their children with juvenile Journal of Public Health Research 2017;6:955 only doi:10.4081/jphr.2017.955 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 1998;23:239-247. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 20. Mishra SI, Chavez LR, Magaña JR, et al. Improving breast 4.0 License (CC BY-NC4.0). cancer control among Latinas: evaluation of a theory-based

Publisher Copyright:
© M. Fadda et al., 2017.

Keywords

Decision-making
Parents
Psychological empowerment
Scale development
Vaccination

Access to Document

10.4081/jphr.2017.955

Cite this

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title = "Validation of a scale to measure parental psychological empowerment in the vaccination decision",

abstract = "Background and aims. Parents{\textquoteright} empowerment is advocated to promote and preserve an informed and autonomous decision regarding their children{\textquoteright} immunization. The scope of this study is to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of an instrument to measure parents{\textquoteright} psychological empowerment in their children{\textquoteright}s vaccination decision and propose a context-specific definition of this construct. Materials and Methods. Grounding in previous qualitative data, we generated an initial pool of items which was later content and face validated by a panel of experts. A pretest allowed us to reduce the initial pool to 9 items. Convergent and discriminant validity measures included the General Self-Efficacy Scale, a Psychological Empowerment Scale, and the Control Preference Scale. Vaccination-related outcomes such as attitude and intention were also included. Results. Principal Component Analysis revealed a 2-factor structure, with each factor composed of 2 items. The first factor concerns the perceived influence of one{\textquoteright}s personal and family experience with vaccination, while the second factor represents the desire not to ask other parents about their experience with vaccination and their lack of interest in other parents{\textquoteright} vaccination opinion. Conclusions. In light of its association with positive immunization- related outcomes, public health efforts should be directed to reinforce parents{\textquoteright} empowerment.",

keywords = "Decision-making, Parents, Psychological empowerment, Scale development, Vaccination",

author = "Marta Fadda and Elisa Galimberti and Luisa Roman{\`o} and Marino Faccini and Sabrina Senatore and Alessandro Zanetti and Schulz, {Peter J.}",

note = "Funding Information: Research, Leeds Metropolitan University. 2010. Correspondence: Marta Fadda, Institute of Communication and Health, 11. Rappaport J. Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Faculty of Communication Sciences, University of Lugano, Via G. Buffi 13, toward a theory for community psychology. Am J Commun 6900 Lugano, Switzerland. Psychol 1987;15:121-48. Tel.: +41.6664589. 12. Zimmerman MA. Psychological empowerment: issues and E-mail: marta.fadda@usi.ch illustrations. Am J Commun Psychol 1995;23:581-99. Key words: Vaccination, decision-making, psychological empowerment, par- 13. Conger JA, Kanungo RN. The empowerment process: integrat-ents, scale development. ing theory and practice. Acad Manag Rev 1988;13:471. Acknowledgments: the authors would like to thank the participants who 14. Thomas KW, Velthouse BA. Cognitive elements of empower-devoted their time to participate in the study,all the members of the valida- ment: an interpretive model of intrinsic task motivation. Acad tion panel, and Dr.Cornelia Betsch and her team for providing constant and Manag Rev 1990;15:666. enriching feedback on the development of the VPES. The authors would also 15. Spreitzer GM. Psychological empowerment in the workplace: like to thank the Swiss National Science Foundation for funding this study dimensions, measurement, and validation. Acad Manag J as part of a larger project focused on MMR vaccination refusal 1995;38:1442-65. (FNS_147333). 16. Spreitzer GM. Social structural characteristics of psychologi-Contributions: MF,EG and PJS designed the study; LR, AZ, MF and SS con- cal empowerment. Acad Manag J 1996;39:483-504. tributed to the design of the study and its implementation; MF and EG col- 17. Wallerstein N. What is the evidence on effectiveness of lected the data and conducted all analyses; all authors participated in the empowerment to improve health? Copenhagen, WHO drafting of the manuscript and approved this final version. Regional Office for Europe (Health Evidence Network report; Conflict of interest: the authors declare no potential conflict of interest. http://www.euro.who.int/Document/E88086.pdf, accessed 1 Received for publication: 28 April 2017. February 2017). 2006. Accepted for publication: 28 July 2017. 18. Davison BJ, Degner LF. Empowerment of men newly diag-{\textcopyright}Copyright M. Fadda et al., 2017 nosed with prostate cancer. Cancer Nursing 1997;20:187-96. Licensee PAGEPress,Italy 19. Florian V, Elad D. The impact of mothers{\textquoteright} sense of empower-ment on the metabolic control of their children with juvenile Journal of Public Health Research 2017;6:955 only doi:10.4081/jphr.2017.955 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 1998;23:239-247. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 20. Mishra SI, Chavez LR, Maga{\~n}a JR, et al. Improving breast 4.0 License (CC BY-NC4.0). cancer control among Latinas: evaluation of a theory-based Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} M. Fadda et al., 2017.",

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AU - Zanetti, Alessandro

AU - Schulz, Peter J.

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N2 - Background and aims. Parents’ empowerment is advocated to promote and preserve an informed and autonomous decision regarding their children’ immunization. The scope of this study is to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of an instrument to measure parents’ psychological empowerment in their children’s vaccination decision and propose a context-specific definition of this construct. Materials and Methods. Grounding in previous qualitative data, we generated an initial pool of items which was later content and face validated by a panel of experts. A pretest allowed us to reduce the initial pool to 9 items. Convergent and discriminant validity measures included the General Self-Efficacy Scale, a Psychological Empowerment Scale, and the Control Preference Scale. Vaccination-related outcomes such as attitude and intention were also included. Results. Principal Component Analysis revealed a 2-factor structure, with each factor composed of 2 items. The first factor concerns the perceived influence of one’s personal and family experience with vaccination, while the second factor represents the desire not to ask other parents about their experience with vaccination and their lack of interest in other parents’ vaccination opinion. Conclusions. In light of its association with positive immunization- related outcomes, public health efforts should be directed to reinforce parents’ empowerment.

AB - Background and aims. Parents’ empowerment is advocated to promote and preserve an informed and autonomous decision regarding their children’ immunization. The scope of this study is to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of an instrument to measure parents’ psychological empowerment in their children’s vaccination decision and propose a context-specific definition of this construct. Materials and Methods. Grounding in previous qualitative data, we generated an initial pool of items which was later content and face validated by a panel of experts. A pretest allowed us to reduce the initial pool to 9 items. Convergent and discriminant validity measures included the General Self-Efficacy Scale, a Psychological Empowerment Scale, and the Control Preference Scale. Vaccination-related outcomes such as attitude and intention were also included. Results. Principal Component Analysis revealed a 2-factor structure, with each factor composed of 2 items. The first factor concerns the perceived influence of one’s personal and family experience with vaccination, while the second factor represents the desire not to ask other parents about their experience with vaccination and their lack of interest in other parents’ vaccination opinion. Conclusions. In light of its association with positive immunization- related outcomes, public health efforts should be directed to reinforce parents’ empowerment.

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Validation of a scale to measure parental psychological empowerment in the vaccination decision

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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