Transperineal versus transrectal prostate fiducial insertion in radiation treatment of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose: To provide more accurate and definitive conclusions regarding the clinical and technical complications associated with the transperineal (TP) and transrectal (TR) approaches, a comprehensive review of observational studies and randomized controlled trials was conducted. This systematic review covered all eligible studies to facilitate a thorough comparison of complications linked to the two fiducial marker insertion methods, TP and TR. Methods: A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted, encompassing databases such as PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, up to July 7, 2023. The relative risk and 95% confidence interval were utilized to evaluate the diagnosis and complication rates. Results: The final selection for the methodological quality analysis included 13 observational studies that utilized TP and TR gold fiducial insertion approaches. The meta-analysis revealed significantly lower risks of urinary tract infections (UTI) and rectal bleeding with the TP approach. Conclusion: The use of both TP and TR techniques for placing gold seed fiducial markers has proven to be an effective, safe, and well-tolerated method for image-guided radiation therapy in prostate cancer patients. A significant benefit of the TP technique is its ability to avoid rectal puncture, thereby reducing the risk of UTIs. Although the incidence of UTIs and rectal bleeding associated with the TR method is relatively low, these complications can disrupt patient well-being and potentially cause delays in treatment.