Theories and research on traditional/cyberbullying and internet- mediated problems

Chapter 2 introduces theories and research in traditional/cyberbullying and Internet-mediated problems in Japan and South Korea. With regard to South Korean research trends, it is based on the ecological model by Bronfenbrenner. Problems are of course rooted in individual thoughts and tendencies but at the same time, such variables are influenced by family and social factors. Most of the mechanisms are similar to those in Western countries, but there are some subtle differences that are important to consider in order to detect problems and provide better countermeasures. With regard to Japanese research trends, the framework will be models concerning the structure and process of ijime. Such models inform us that ijime is not a phenomenon among just perpetrators and victims, but a complex process involving reinforcers and onlookers who differ in their thoughts and behaviours. Also the process model tells us that ijime is a phenomenon which is gradually constructed and worsened by the growing number of perpetrators. Such notions are inevitable to tackle the problem. Studies on Internet addiction and other related problems are also introduced.