Temperature feedback-controlled photothermal treatment with diffusing applicator: Theoretical and experimental evaluations

To minimize thermal injury, the current study evaluated the realtime temperature monitoring with a proportional-integrative-derivative (PID) controller during 980-nm photothermal treatment with a radiallydiffusing applicator. Both simulations and experiments demonstrated comparable thermal behaviors in temperature distribution and the degree of irreversible tissue denaturation. The PID-controlled application constantly maintained the pre-determined temperature of 353 K (steady-state error = < 1 K). Due to constant energy delivery, coagulation volumes linearly increased up to 1.04 ± 0.02 cm³with irradiation time. Integration of temperature feedback with diffuser-assisted photothermal treatments can provide a feasible therapeutic modality to treat pancreatic tumors in an effective manner.