Substrates that limit high density cultures of Spodoptera frugiperda cells

In high density cultivation of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells in Grace's medium supplemented with FBS (fetal bovine serum) and yeastolate, amino acids were the primary limiting substrates while the carbon sources were not. Glutamine, methionine, and threonine were consumed rapidly during the cultivation. When cultures were supplemented with amino acids, yeastolate components other than amino acids became the secondary limiting substrates.