Species composition and use of coniferous and deciduous trees in mixed-species flocks wintering near Seoul (Korea)

This is the first quantitative report of the composition of mixed flocks of wintering birds in the temperate forests of Asia. There were nine species observed in the 37 mixed flocks: Parus varius, Parus major, Parus palustris, Parus ater, Aegithalos caudatus, Regulus regulus, Sitta europaea, Dendrocopos kizuki, Dendrocopos major. For each species the proportion and the average number of individuals are presented in four forest types: fir, pine, oak and mixed forest consisting mainly of oak and pine. P. major was seen in a higher proportion of flocks in coniferous (pine and fir forests combined) than in deciduous (mixed and oak combined) forests. P. ater used coniferous trees more often than P. major and more often than P. palustris.