Regional Differences in Structure, Function, and Inflammatory Response of the Large Intestine

The large intestine is anatomically divided into several distinct segments: the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. While the structural and functional differences between these segments are well-recognized, the specific functional distinctions remain insufficiently explored. Recent studies indicate that regional variations in the colon are closely linked to differences in its primary functions and, more notably, to the development of colon-associated diseases. Therefore, understanding the precise localization of the colon is crucial for elucidating disease onset, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on understanding the developmental differences, structural distinctions, and resulting functional alterations of the colon depending on the location. This will deepen our understanding of colonic function and regulatory mechanisms and improve our knowledge of colonic pathogenesis, and therapeutic approaches for various colonic diseases.