TY - JOUR
T1 - Recent occurrence of PAHs and n-Alkanes in pm2.5 in Seoul, Korea and characteristics of their sources and toxicity
AU - Kang, Minkyung
AU - Kim, Kiae
AU - Choi, Narae
AU - Kim, Yong Pyo
AU - Lee, Ji Yi
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2020/2/2
Y1 - 2020/2/2
N2 - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n‐alkanes in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) were quantified at Seoul, Korea in 2018. The seasonal differences in the total concentration of PAHs and n‐Alkanes were clear, where winter showed a higher concentration than that of summer. Compared to the PAHs measurements in 2002 at Seoul, the sum of PAHs concentrations in 2018 were reduced from 26.6 to 5.6 ng m−3. Major sources of the observed PAHs and n‐alkanes were deduced from various indicators such as diagnostic ratios for PAHs and Cmax, CPI, and WNA (%) indices for n‐alkanes. It was found that in winter coal and biomass combustions, and vehicular exhaust were major sources, while, in summer vehicular exhaust was major source. In addition, in winter, major emission sources were located outside of Seoul. The health effect from the recent level of PAHs was estimated and compared to the previous studies observed in Seoul, and it was found that, recently, the toxicity of PAHs in PM2.5 was significantly decreased, except for in the winter.
AB - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n‐alkanes in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) were quantified at Seoul, Korea in 2018. The seasonal differences in the total concentration of PAHs and n‐Alkanes were clear, where winter showed a higher concentration than that of summer. Compared to the PAHs measurements in 2002 at Seoul, the sum of PAHs concentrations in 2018 were reduced from 26.6 to 5.6 ng m−3. Major sources of the observed PAHs and n‐alkanes were deduced from various indicators such as diagnostic ratios for PAHs and Cmax, CPI, and WNA (%) indices for n‐alkanes. It was found that in winter coal and biomass combustions, and vehicular exhaust were major sources, while, in summer vehicular exhaust was major source. In addition, in winter, major emission sources were located outside of Seoul. The health effect from the recent level of PAHs was estimated and compared to the previous studies observed in Seoul, and it was found that, recently, the toxicity of PAHs in PM2.5 was significantly decreased, except for in the winter.
KW - Diagnostic ratio
KW - N-alkanes
KW - PAHs
KW - Source characteristics
KW - Toxicity
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85079847682&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/ijerph17041397
DO - 10.3390/ijerph17041397
M3 - Article
C2 - 32098187
AN - SCOPUS:85079847682
SN - 1661-7827
VL - 17
JO - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
IS - 4
M1 - 1397
ER -