Prediction of insufficient hepatic enhancement during the Hepatobiliary phase of Gd-EOB DTPA-enhanced MRI using machine learning classifier and feature selection algorithms

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to reveal the usefulness of machine learning classifier and feature selection algorithms for prediction of insufficient hepatic enhancement in the HBP. Methods: We retrospectively assessed 214 patients with chronic liver disease or liver cirrhosis who underwent MRI enhanced with Gd-EOB-DTPA. Various liver function tests, Child–Pugh score (CPS) and Model for End-stage Liver Disease Sodium (MELD-Na) score were collected as candidate predictors for insufficient hepatic enhancement. Insufficient hepatic enhancement was assessed using liver-to-portal vein signal intensity ratio and 5-level visual grading. The clinico-laboratory findings were compared using Student’s t-test and Mann–Whitney U test. Relationships between the laboratory tests and insufficient hepatic enhancement were assessed using Pearson’s and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Feature importance was assessed by Random UnderSampling boosting algorithms. The predictive models were constructed using decision tree(DT), k-nearest neighbor(KNN), random forest(RF), and support-vector machine(SVM) classifier algorithms. The performances of the prediction models were analyzed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC). Results: Among four machine learning classifier algorithms using various feature combinations, SVM using total bilirubin(TB) and albumin(Alb) showed excellent predictive ability for insufficient hepatic enhancement(AUC = 0.93, [95% CI: 0.93–0.94]) and higher AUC value than conventional logistic regression(LR) model (AUC = 0.92, [95% CI; 0.92–0.93], predictive models using the MELD-Na (AUC = 0.90 [95% CI: 0.89–0.91]) and CPS (AUC = 0.89 [95% CI: 0.88–0.90]). Conclusion: Machine learning-based classifier (i.e. SVM) and feature selection algorithms can be used to predict insufficient hepatic enhancement in the HBP before performing MRI. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]