Pharmacokinetic studies of 2-amino-9-(3-acetoxymethyl-4-isopropoxycarbonyl-oxybut-1-yl)purine, an oral prodrug for the antiviral agent penciclovir

2-Amino-9-(3-acetoxymethyl-4-isopropoxycarbonyloxybut-1-yl)-purine (SK1899) was tested as an oral prodrug for penciclovir. SK1899 was administered orally to rats and dogs at doses up to 2 and 0.68 mmol/kg, respectively. SK1899 was well absorbed, and the major metabolites detected in plasma and urine were penciclovir, the active antiviral compound, and 6-deoxypenciclovir (M4) in both species. In rats, SK1899 was rapidly and extensively metabolized to penciclovir, which reached the peak plasma concentration (C_max) of 39.5 μM at 0.5 h after 0.2-mmol/kg dosing. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for penciclovir was 57.5 μM · h. After an oral dose of 0.034 mmol/kg to dogs, extensive conversion of SK1899 to penciclovir also occurred with slower rate of formation of penciclovir from M4 than in rats. The mean C_max and AUC for penciclovir were 4.5 μM at 2.7 h and 28.2 μM · h, respectively. The 0- to 24-h urinary recovery of penciclovir represented 36.1 and 36.3% of dose to rats and dogs, respectively. Radioactivity was found in fetuses following an oral administration of [¹⁴C]SK1899 to pregnant rats, but no significant accumulation was observed. Although substantial milk transfer of [¹⁴C]SK1899 occurred in rats, the radioactivity in milk was rapidly cleared. The values of C_max, AUC, and urinary recovery of penciclovir after dosing with SK1899 to rats and dogs were similar or slightly higher than those from famciclovir. These data indicate that introduction of an isopropoxy carbonate group into one of the two hydroxyl groups of M4 did not significantly alter the oral bioavailability of penciclovir compared with famciclovir.