Performance evaluation of four sampling techniques and source apportionment for the atmospheric deposition fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are primarily emitted into the atmosphere through anthropogenic activities and can be transported to receptor sites at varying distances. In this study, the atmospheric PAH deposition was investigated using a dry deposition plate (DDP) with Mylar, a dry deposition disk (DDD) with Velcro, a resin bulk deposition sampler (Resin-BDS), and a water bulk deposition sampler (Water-BDS) in Ulsan, South Korea, during May–October 2013. Additionally, ambient PAH concentrations were monitored using high-volume air samplers. The mean deposition fluxes of Σ₁₃ PAHs were 8.62 ± 1.44, 36.9 ± 6.81, 56.9 ± 9.74, and 63.8 ± 8.04 μg/m²/d for the DDP, DDD, Resin-BDS, and Water-BDS, respectively. The DDD was more effective than the DDP because it could collect high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs from dry deposition, which are more toxic than low molecular weight PAHs. The Water-BDS had the highest fluxes of Σ₁₃ PAHs; however, the Resin-BDS may be more suitable for collecting HMW PAHs from both dry and wet deposition due to relatively constant values for the deposition velocity of PAHs. Furthermore, the PAH fluxes in the Resin-BDS samples were significantly positively correlated with the gaseous and total (gaseous + particulate) concentrations of ambient PAHs. Hence, the fluxes obtained by the Resin-BDS were further used to apply principal component analysis, multiple linear regression, and backward air trajectory simultaneously to identify the emission sources of the deposited PAHs. The results indicate that the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass was the major source. In particular, the industrial complexes using petroleum and coal on the city's east coast and vehicular exhausts were the main local sources. Meanwhile, long-range sources may be forest fires, harbors, and industrial activities in nearby countries. Our study suggests that BDS, considering both dry and wet deposition, can be selectively used for research on PAH deposition.