Paradoxical reaction to midazolam in patients undergoing endoscopy under sedation: Incidence, risk factors and the effect of flumazenil

Chung Hyun Tae, Ki Joo Kang, Byung Hoon Min, Joong Hyun Ahn, Seonwoo Kim, Jun Haeng Lee, Poong Lyul Rhee, Jae J. Kim

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

25 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background: The incidence, risk factors and management strategy of paradoxical reaction to midazolam during endoscopy are yet to be clarified. Methods: This single center prospective study included 4140 adult patients (2263 males, mean age of 57.7 ± 12.6) undergoing endoscopy under sedation with midazolam and pethidine between September 2011 and December 2011. The characteristics of patients with and without paradoxical reaction were compared. For patients who experienced paradoxical reaction and received flumazenil, their endoscopic images were reviewed to assess whether European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines were met as quality indicator of endoscopy. Results: The incidence of paradoxical reaction was 1.4%. In multivariate analyses, male gender, unsuccessful sedation in previous endoscopy, upper endoscopy, higher dose of midazolam, and lower dose of pethidine were identified as independent risk factors for paradoxical reaction. Despite paradoxical reaction, endoscopic procedures were successfully completed in 93.3% of cases when flumazenil was administered. The rates of meeting quality indicator of endoscopy were 92.3% in patients receiving flumazenil for paradoxical reaction and 97.6% in patients without paradoxical reaction. Conclusions: For patients with risk factors for paradoxical reaction, active use of pethidine with a dose reduction of midazolam might be helpful to prevent the occurrence of paradoxical reaction. Administration of flumazenil might be positively considered in cases of paradoxical reaction.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)710-715
Number of pages6
JournalDigestive and Liver Disease
Volume46
Issue number8
DOIs
StatePublished - Aug 2014

Keywords

  • Endoscopy
  • Flumazenil
  • Midazolam
  • Paradoxical reaction

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