Other Constructions

In this book, we emphasized the chiral nature of the SM. The orbifold construction has been discussed toward obtaining three family models from the E₈ ×E₈ heterotic string. But there are other methods also for obtaining 4D string models. Among these, we review very briefly on the fermionic construction and the intersecting brane setup. Since obtaining three families is one of the most important objectives going beyond 4D, we discuss three other constructions, fermionic construction, intersecting brane models, and F-theory, up to the point of introducing the possibility for three families as the first step to realistic model buildings.