On Enhancing and Diminishing Energy Through Psychological Means: Research on Vitality and Depletion From Self-Determination Theory

Research on the energizing effects of autonomous self-regulation and the depleting effects of self-control suggest that they are tapping into the same phenomenon: the energy available to, and allocated by, the self. Based on self-determination theory, we distinguish two forms of self-regulation: self-controlling regulation which is energy draining and leads to ego depletion, and autonomous self-regulation in which motivation is aligned with person's interests and values, which is less depleting, and in some situations even energy enhancing, thus increasing subjective vitality and its positive correlates. We also review experimental and field research concerning psychological and environmental factors affecting subjective and behaviorally assessed energy and vitality including: conditions of autonomy support versus control; relatedness and benevolence versus social harm; and satisfaction versus frustration of competence. Additionally, we discuss relations between mindfulness and open, receptive attention versus controlled and directed cognition as influences on vitality. Ultimately our review aims to encourage research not only on factors that exhaust energy, but also those that enhance vitality and its positive consequences.