TY - JOUR
T1 - Morphine dependence is attenuated by red ginseng extract and ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K
AU - Yayeh, Taddesse
AU - Yun, Kyunghwa
AU - Jang, Soyong
AU - Oh, Seikwan
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (MRC, 2010-0029355 ) and Ministry of Food and Drug Safety grant ( 14182MFDS979 ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016, The Korean Society of Ginseng, Published by Elsevier.
PY - 2016/10/1
Y1 - 2016/10/1
N2 - Background: Red ginseng and ginsenosides have shown plethoric effects against various ailments. However, little is known regarding the effect of red ginseng on morphine-induced dependence and tolerance. We therefore investigated the effect of red ginseng extract (RGE) and biotransformed ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K on morphine-induced dependence in mice and rats. Methods: While mice were pretreated with RGE and then morphine was injected intraperitoneally, rats were infused with ginsenosides and morphine intracranially for 7 days. Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal syndrome was estimated and conditioned place preference test was performed for physical and psychological dependence, respectively. Western blotting was used to measure protein expressions. Results: Whereas RGE inhibited the number of naloxone-precipitated jumps and reduced conditioned place preference score, it restored the level of glutathione in mice. Likewise, ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K attenuated morphine-dependent behavioral patterns such as teeth chattering, grooming, wet-dog shake, and escape behavior in rats. Moreover, activated N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor subunit 1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the frontal cortex of rats, and cultured cortical neurons from mice were downregulated by ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K despite their differential effects. Conclusion: RGE and biotransformed ginsenosides could be considered as potential therapeutic agents against morphine-induced dependence.
AB - Background: Red ginseng and ginsenosides have shown plethoric effects against various ailments. However, little is known regarding the effect of red ginseng on morphine-induced dependence and tolerance. We therefore investigated the effect of red ginseng extract (RGE) and biotransformed ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K on morphine-induced dependence in mice and rats. Methods: While mice were pretreated with RGE and then morphine was injected intraperitoneally, rats were infused with ginsenosides and morphine intracranially for 7 days. Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal syndrome was estimated and conditioned place preference test was performed for physical and psychological dependence, respectively. Western blotting was used to measure protein expressions. Results: Whereas RGE inhibited the number of naloxone-precipitated jumps and reduced conditioned place preference score, it restored the level of glutathione in mice. Likewise, ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K attenuated morphine-dependent behavioral patterns such as teeth chattering, grooming, wet-dog shake, and escape behavior in rats. Moreover, activated N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor subunit 1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the frontal cortex of rats, and cultured cortical neurons from mice were downregulated by ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K despite their differential effects. Conclusion: RGE and biotransformed ginsenosides could be considered as potential therapeutic agents against morphine-induced dependence.
KW - Biotransformation
KW - Ginsenosides
KW - Morphine dependence
KW - Red ginseng extract
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84991624836&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.006
DO - 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.006
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84991624836
SN - 1226-8453
VL - 40
SP - 445
EP - 452
JO - Journal of Ginseng Research
JF - Journal of Ginseng Research
IS - 4
ER -