Improvement of Open-Circuit Voltage Deficit via Pre-Treated NH₄⁺ Ion Modification of Interface between SnO₂ and Perovskite Solar Cells

Engineering & Materials Science

• Ammonia 11%
• Carrier transport 34%
• Chlorine 54%
• Conversion efficiency 23%
• Crystallization 12%
• Defects 7%
• Density functional theory 16%
• Electron energy levels 25%
• Hysteresis 21%
• Indium 29%
• Ions 51%
• Open circuit voltage 67%
• Passivation 67%
• Perovskite 15%
• Perovskite solar cells 90%
• Surface defects 13%
• Tin oxides 46%

Medicine & Life Sciences

• Ammonia 10%
• Ammonium Chloride 79%
• Ammonium Compounds 11%
• Chlorine 49%
• Crystallization 11%
• Density Functional Theory 16%
• Equipment and Supplies 11%
• Genetic Recombination 9%
• indium tin oxide 33%
• Ions 46%
• perovskite 100%
• stannic oxide 18%

Chemical Compounds

• Ammonia 8%
• Ammonium 35%
• Ammonium Chloride 24%
• Ammonium Ion 12%
• Chemical Passivation 56%
• Chlorine 39%
• Crystallization 7%
• Density Functional Theory 6%
• Energy 10%
• Hysteresis 22%
• Ion 22%
• Modification 31%
• Surface 7%
• Surface Defect 13%
• Tin Oxide 11%
• Voltage 40%