Heteroatom-doped graphene-based electrocatalysts for ORR, OER, and HER

Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials represent one of the most prominent families of nanomaterials toward the design of high-efficiency electrocatalysts for reactions involved in clean and sustainable energy technologies, such as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In principle, heteroatom-doped graphene ideally possesses good electrical conductivity and unique electronic properties that result in excellent activity and selectivity toward electrocatalytic processes. In this chapter, we begin with an overview of graphene and heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials, covering the properties, origin of electrocatalytic activity, and various advanced synthetic strategies. The most recent advances regarding heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials for ORR, OER, and HER are then performed. Finally, the future perspectives regarding the challenges and opportunities awaiting this research area are briefly proposed and discussed.