From material hardship to harsh parenting: Testing the Family Stress Model in dyadic family context

Objectives: This study investigates the association between material hardship and harsh parenting behaviors within the framework of the Family Stress Model (FSM) using a dyadic family systems perspective. Study design: This is a longitudinal study. Methods: Utilizing data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, the analysis examines both maternal and paternal pathways, focusing on the mediating role of parental depression. The sample consists of 2597 families, with data collected when the child was aged five, and at age nine. Structural equation modeling with the Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model was employed to explore the interdependent relationships between maternal and paternal material hardship, depression, and harsh parenting, including physical and psychological aggression. Results: Results revealed that both maternal and paternal material hardship significantly predicted their own depression but did not exhibit partner effects. Maternal depression partially mediated the relationship between maternal material hardship and both maternal and paternal harsh parenting, highlighting its central role in shaping family dynamics. These findings extend the FSM by demonstrating the interconnected influences of material hardship, depression and harsh parenting within a dyadic family context. Conclusion: The study underscores the need for family-centered interventions addressing both parents to mitigate the impacts of economic stress and improve parenting practices. Additionally, policies aimed at reducing material hardship and enhancing access to mental health resources are critical for fostering healthier family dynamics and preventing harsh parenting behaviors.