Fluorescent molecular logic gates using microfluidic devices

Starting gate: A molecular logic gate is based on chemosensors that change their fluorescence intensity in response to various inputs (pH, metal ions) in a microfluidic system. A combinatorial circuit, such as a half adder (see picture), uses fluorescein (green) and rhodamine B (red) derivatives that respond to pH. A logic gate with a protein and Cu²⁺ ions as inputs is also described. (Figure Presented).