Enhancing in situ remediation of clayey soils contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons by combining pneumatic fracturing, plasma blasting, and vacuum extraction: A comprehensive field investigation

Oxidant injection technology is widely used in soil remediation; however, subsurface conditions, including soil properties and permeability, significantly influence its effectiveness. In this study, the potential of the combination of pneumatic fracturing, plasma discharge, and vacuum extraction (PPV) in enhancing soil permeability and remediating field-scale silt/clayey soils contaminated by total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was studied. Improved soil permeability was assessed by measuring the chlorine and H₂O₂ concentrations in soil samples, and the remediation efficiency of PPV was evaluated by analyzing the TPH concentrations in the soil samples. The initial highest TPH concentration was 6922 mg kg⁻¹; after a 42-day operation period, the TPH levels decreased to 541 mg kg⁻¹. The economic assessment of PPV revealed it to be cost-effective, with a total operating cost of US$ 3077 for remediating 265 m³ of contaminated soil, equating to US$ 11.6 per ton of soil. Since PPV requires a short operational period, is inexpensive, and is suitable for purifying low-permeability soil, it is a promising and economically advantageous approach for soil purification. Overall, PPV demonstrated the ability to enhance oxidizing agent transfer by increasing soil permeability, suggesting its potential for efficient and targeted soil remediation.