Effects of white ginseng on reducing stress and tension by enhancing default mode network connectivity: A randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial

Background: Recent research has increasingly focused on the potential role of white ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer, PGC) in alleviating psychological conditions. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PGC in reducing stress and tension over a 12-week period, employing a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design. Methods: A total of 86 participants reporting stress-related symptoms were randomized to receive either PGC (n = 42) or a placebo (n = 44). Stress levels were assessed using a composite stress index, which was derived from self-reported measures, skin conductance response, and heart rate variability, at baseline, week 6, and week 12. Additionally, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted at the same time points. Results: PGC treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the composite stress index compared to placebo (P for interaction = 0.006). Furthermore, the PGC group demonstrated a more pronounced decrease in default mode network (DMN) functional connectivity than the placebo group (P for interaction = 0.002). A significant positive correlation was observed between the degree of reduction in DMN functional connectivity and a lower composite stress index at week 12 within the PGC group (r = 0.410, P = 0.025). PGC was well tolerated, with no significant differences in the incidence of adverse events (P = 0.308) or in dropout rates (P = 0.511) between the two groups. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that PGC has the potential to mitigate stress and tension, potentially through the modulation of DMN functional connectivity.