Design strategies for markedly enhancing energy efficiency in the electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction

The electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) offers a promising approach to ameliorate global warming and the energy crisis. On the route to deploying this technology, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to designing remarkable electrocatalysts and electrolysis systems. While the performance indicators of the CO₂RR such as current density and faradaic efficiency are well researched, the energy efficiency (EE), a guiding metric for industrial implementation and economic feasibility of the CO₂RR, should merit more deliberation. In this context, our review aims at providing a comprehensive understanding of full-cell EE of the CO₂RR. First, the fundamental principles towards achieving high EE in the CO₂RR are presented. Subsequently, recent state-of-the-art strategies for kinetically boosting EE are elaborated, with focus on electrocatalysts and system design to lower the cell voltage and increase faradaic efficiency. In particular, the emerging integrated electrolysis is highlighted, where the conventional anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is replaced with other value-added oxidation reactions, affording great promise to enhance the EE and economic benefits of the CO₂RR. Finally, future research opportunities in this rapidly evolving field are outlined. This review would attract considerable attention to full-cell EE and further inspire investigation into increasing EE at a commercially relevant current density to motivate the scale-up of the CO₂RR.