Complexity Changes of the EEG Induced by Alcohol Cue Exposure in Alcoholics and Social Drinkers

Background: An understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying alcohol craving is important in the effective treatment of alcohol dependence. The aim of this study was to examine the utility of the electroencephalogram (EEG) to measure the changes in electrical brain activity of alcoholics when exposed to alcohol-specific cues. Methods: Fifteen adult alcoholic subjects (four women) with a mean age of 35 (SD = 4.5) and 10 healthy social drinking controls (three women) with a mean age of 34 (SD = 5.6) were recruited. Subjects were serially rated for alcohol craving after presentations of pictures of control nonalcoholic and alcohol beverages. After the picture presentation, the EEG was recorded (16,384 data points for each epoch) with eyes closed. The dimensional complexity (D₂) was estimated as a measure of complexity of the EEG. Results: Alcoholic subjects exhibited a significant increase in the D₂ values of the EEG in frontal (F ₃, F₄), right posterior temporal (T₆), and occipital (O₁, O₂) regions after viewing alcohol cues compared with viewing other beverage cues. These results indicate that more complex (or higher) cortical activity is induced over specific brain regions of alcoholic subjects by alcohol-specific cues. Changes in subscale of alcohol craving between nonalcoholic and alcohol pictures were correlated with changes in D₂ values in the left frontal (F₃) region in alcoholic subjects. Conclusions: These findings suggest that, when subjects are exposed to alcohol cues, changes in the EEG complexity are induced in frontal, right posterior temporal, and occipital areas, which may be key brain structures for alcohol craving. In addition, nonlinear measures like the D₂ are useful in evaluating alcohol cue-induced brain activity from the EEG.