Bridging Literacy with AI: AI-Integrated Digital Textbook for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students

Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students often experience delays in print literacy due to limited access to spoken language. This study developed a prototype of an AI-integrated digital textbook (AIDT) for Korean language learning, which incorporated visual learning materials and simplified versions of complex texts to enhance accessibility and support reading comprehension. Personalized instruction tailored to individual needs was also embedded, based on insights gathered through prior participatory design phases. A usability test was conducted with six DHH students and four teachers using five learning tasks. The results revealed both the strengths and limitations of the AIDT prototype. Students appreciated the interactive and visually rich features by reporting increased engagement and a greater sense of independence in their learning. However, they encountered challenges related to insufficient sign language support and a non-intuitive interface. Teachers recognized the potential of AIDT to reduce instructional workload and to promote self-directed and personalized learning. At the same time, they emphasized the need for clearer navigation features to better track student learning progress. These findings suggest that AIDTs can be a valuable tool for supporting Korean language learning among DHH students when designed with accessibility and usability in mind. We propose future research directions that include refining the interface design, enhancing sign language scaffolding, improving navigation features, and exploring classroom integration to better support the diverse learning needs of DHH students.