TY - JOUR
T1 - Anti-inflammatory effects of short chain fatty acids in IFN-γ-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells
T2 - Involvement of NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways
AU - Park, Jin Sun
AU - Lee, Eun Jung
AU - Lee, Jae Chul
AU - Kim, Won Ki
AU - Kim, Hee Sun
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by a grant from Neurobiology Research Program (M10412000010-05N1200-01000) and in part by a grant (M103KV010005 03K2201 00510) from Brain Research Center of the 21st Century Frontier Research Program funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea. JS Park and EJ Lee are recipients of BK21 grant from Korea Ministry of Education.
PY - 2007/1
Y1 - 2007/1
N2 - The overactivation of macrophages causes abnormal cell death and chronic inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the modulation of macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity is expected to become a new therapeutic strategy for various inflammatory diseases. In this study, three types of short chain fatty acids (sodium butyrate (NaB), sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB), sodium phenylacetate (NaPA)) were found to have anti-inflammatory effects in IFN-γ-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. They inhibited the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 induced by IFN-γ, while they enhanced the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Their potency as anti-inflammatory agents was in the order of NaB > NaPB > NaPA. Further mechanistic studies revealed these three agents to repress the DNA binding and transcriptional activities of NF-κB, which is an important modulator of inflammation. In addition, these agents repressed the IFN-γ-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation without affecting the Jak/STAT activities. The potency of NF-κB and ERK inhibition was also in the order of NaB > NaPB > NaPA. The results suggest that the NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways are at least in part involved in the anti-inflammatory activities of these SCFAs. Considering that SCFAs are normally present in the body and have few side effects, they might be promising agents for the prevention and/or treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
AB - The overactivation of macrophages causes abnormal cell death and chronic inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the modulation of macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity is expected to become a new therapeutic strategy for various inflammatory diseases. In this study, three types of short chain fatty acids (sodium butyrate (NaB), sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB), sodium phenylacetate (NaPA)) were found to have anti-inflammatory effects in IFN-γ-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. They inhibited the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 induced by IFN-γ, while they enhanced the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Their potency as anti-inflammatory agents was in the order of NaB > NaPB > NaPA. Further mechanistic studies revealed these three agents to repress the DNA binding and transcriptional activities of NF-κB, which is an important modulator of inflammation. In addition, these agents repressed the IFN-γ-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation without affecting the Jak/STAT activities. The potency of NF-κB and ERK inhibition was also in the order of NaB > NaPB > NaPA. The results suggest that the NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways are at least in part involved in the anti-inflammatory activities of these SCFAs. Considering that SCFAs are normally present in the body and have few side effects, they might be promising agents for the prevention and/or treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
KW - Cytokine
KW - ERK
KW - Macrophage
KW - NF-κB
KW - Short chain fatty acids
KW - iNOS
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=33845190686&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.08.015
DO - 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.08.015
M3 - Article
C2 - 17161819
AN - SCOPUS:33845190686
SN - 1567-5769
VL - 7
SP - 70
EP - 77
JO - International Immunopharmacology
JF - International Immunopharmacology
IS - 1
ER -