An analysis of the promise of Li–O₂ and Li–S batteries incorporating plasmonic metal nanostructures

The unique properties of light-responsive plasmonic metal nanostructures featuring tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-absorption have found increasing exploitation in the fields of light emission, sensing, catalysis, and theragnosis. In this contribution, we turn our attention to the recently proposed exploitation of plasmonic metal architectures in the development of next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices, with a focus on stationary systems in the electricity sector. The proposed strategy aligns with the rising interest in integrated solar energy harvesting in battery systems. Here, we consider two representative candidates, Li–S and Li–O₂, for which operation principles and challenges are conveniently first introduced. We review previously reported plasmon-enhanced systems and offer detailed guidelines and strategies in this field, reflecting on a cost-performance duality, expected difficulties and drawbacks of the proposed concept, and the roles of metal nanostructures within these unique electrochemical environments. We also propose valuable analytical tools to disentangle and efficiently exploit distinct plasmonic effects (including injection of hot carriers) and shed light on the required cell design and cathode preparation in light-responsive devices. This contribution reflects a valuable outlook and a guide for the development of plasmon-enhanced energy storage in a field of ever-growing concern.